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Attackers exploit poorly sanitized input fields to execute malicious SQL commands. For example, entering `' OR '1'='1` in a login form might bypass authentication.

Example: `SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '' OR '1'='1' AND password = ''`

Mitigation: Use prepared statements, enforce input validation, and apply least-privilege on DB access.

This vulnerability takes advantage of the fact that browsers automatically include session cookies in every request. Attackers create forged forms or scripts that perform actions on behalf of the victim without consent.

Prevention: Use anti-CSRF tokens, SameSite cookies, and validate the origin of requests.

Popular platforms like HackerOne and Bugcrowd connect companies with hackers. Common findings include IDORs, XSS, broken auth, and insecure storage.

Tools: Burp Suite, Nmap, recon-ng, ffuf, and manual logic analysis.

Tips: Read writeups, practice regularly, and stay updated with trends and disclosures.

Common flaws include hardcoded tokens, broken role validation, or exposed admin panels.

Real Example: An API accepted static keys, and role changes weren't verified on the backend.

Fixes: Always verify sessions on the server, implement RBAC, and protect sensitive routes.

VAPT includes both automated scanning and manual exploitation. Testers follow a methodology: Reconnaissance > Scanning > Exploiting > Reporting.

Benefits: Security hardening, compliance readiness, and risk reduction.

Expect focus on Zero Trust Architecture, AI threat detection, and automated incident response. Remote-first companies need continuous authentication and cloud-native security stacks.

Tip: Stay proactive. Regular risk assessments and cybersecurity training are key.